Research Background
With the passage of time, texts are modified, added to, deleted, borrowed and transformed, and so on, rendering new meanings and giving rise to a new cycle of texts. According to the theory of intertextuality, a text does not have a separate, independent existence, but is an imitation or a rewriting of, or references, previous texts. This theory has led us to consider the idea of the interweaving of texts in the written tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. From the study of Tibetan Buddhist “terma (gter ma) treasure” texts over the past few years, it has been noted that different texts often have repeated passages, and moreover given the habit of traditional Tibetan scholars of not including a citation, this has led us to carry out this investigation to determine the amount of these highly similar passages in a large corpus of documents in order to better place the textual research project in a greater context. Research on the subject of treasure texts has not received much attention in Western academia, and most of what has been done focuses on the topics of biography, biographical writings, and the religious activities of the treasure revealers. Although Tibetologists have begun to shift the focus of the problem from personal interests to the analysis of the work itself, there have not been any papers devoted to examining the use of highly related words and phrases between different treasure texts. In consequence, we have attempted to combine philological research with digital technology to carry out interdisciplinary research projects. We hope that such an attempt will initiate the application of these methods to the field of Buddhist studies, and broaden the horizons of research.
In particular, this project attempts to deal with two levels of issues: 1. the phenomenon of the repeated use of words and phrases and passages, and their appearance and position; and 2. to interpret the information and significance provided by these repeated phenomena. The scope of the literature to be explored does not include those excerpts or citations of original passages quoted in the traditional exegetical manner of commenting on scriptures, but instead attempts to uncover hidden sentences or passages shared between seemingly unrelated texts of different origins through the use of digital tools.
研究背景
隨著時間的流逝，文本被加以各種形式的添刪、修改、借用、轉化等等進而產生新的意義，進入另一種新的文本循環。根據互文理論，每一篇文本都不是單獨的存在，而是對前文本的模仿、改寫或參照。這理論引發了計畫主持人思考西藏佛教的書寫傳統中的文本交織現象。從近幾年的西藏佛教「伏藏文獻」研究中，已被注意到不同的文獻內容常有語句重覆出現的現象，加上考慮傳統西藏學者引言不加出處說明的寫作習慣，因而引發我們進行這個探索在大量文獻中偵測這些高度類似之特定文句段落位置，以便在更大的語境脈絡下來解讀文本的研究計畫。以伏藏為主題的研究在西方藏學界並未受到太多的重視，而且多半著重於探討伏藏師個人的生平事蹟、傳記書寫與宗教活動等議題。藏學學界雖然有學者開始將問題焦點從個人的關注轉向作品本身的分析，但仍未曾見到有致力於探索不同伏藏文類之間的高度相關語詞之使用現象的論文。因此我們嘗試結合人文的文獻研究與電腦資訊的數位技術來進行跨領域研究計畫。期望這樣的嘗試能開拓佛學研究的視野與方法的應用。
具體來說本計畫嘗試處理兩個層面的議題：(1)詞句或段落重覆使用的現象與其出現位置；(2)解讀這些重覆現象所透露出的訊息與意義。擬探討的文獻範圍並非指傳統論書在詮釋經典的思想時所做的原文段落摘錄或引用，而是嘗試透過數位工具在看似不相關、無淵源的文本之間重新發掘隱匿的文句或段落。
What are gTer ma Treasure Texts
After the collapse of the Tibetan Empire in the ninth century, the central Tibetan monasteries, which were originally supported by the royal family, were also in decline. The religious world in Tibet underwent dramatic changes, the order established by the royal family gradually disintegrated, and new values and authority were also in ferment and reconstruction. The Nyingma yogis who used the scriptures produced during the era of imperial translation as a basis for practice faced new challenges. On the one hand, they had to defend the legitimacy of the old translations of the tantric literature, but on the other hand, it was necessary to propose a religious discourse imbued with the spirit of Tibet in response to the challenge of the new translation school. This was the social background of the revival movement and narrative in Tibet at the beginning of the second period of the dissemination of Buddhism. This special literary genre of treasure literature has become a major feature of Tibetan religious writing. Although the treasure literature is a special feature of the Nyingma teachings, the intellectual monks who produced the works in this form are not limited to the masters of the Nyingma school. The Sakya, Kagyu, and later Gelug schools also produced important treasure literature.
The project will be based on a digital analysis of the contents of the Rin chen gter mdzod, the “Treasury of Precious Termas.” This document was compiled by Jamgön Kongtrül ('Jam mgon kong sprul, 1813-99) between 1855 and 1893. This is a set of books produced in the context of the ris med (non-sectarian) movement of Tibetan society in the 19th century; it is also one of the “Five Great Treasuries” edited by Jamgön Kongtrül. The editorial structure of the “Treasury of Precious Termas” covers the history of the source of the treasure, the biography of Padmasambhava, verses of praise, the biography of the treasure revealer, and its main structure takes Mahayoga, Anuyoga, and Atiyoga as a classification scheme. As pointed out by Gene Smith (2001), Jamgön Kongtrül reorganized the messy treasure teachings within the structure he considered reasonable. Under the structural system of the three inner tantras, the name of the revealer can still be clearly identified. The Mahayoga category also distinguishes between the tantra class (rgyud sde) and the meditative practice class (sgrub sde). On our webpage, we also present an outline of the contents under the classifications of Mahayoga.
何謂伏藏
九世紀中吐蕃王朝崩解後，原本王室所支持的中央西藏寺院也步向衰敗，西藏的宗教世界發生了劇變。過去王室所建立的秩序逐漸瓦解，而新的價值權威也在醞釀重建。那些以帝國時期翻譯所留下的經典作為修行根據的寧瑪派瑜伽師面對了新的挑戰。一方面他們必須為舊譯密續文獻之合法性作辯護，一方面需要提出具西藏本土精神的宗教論述以回應新譯密續派的挑戰。這是後弘期之初西藏出現伏藏運動與敘事的社會背景。伏藏這個特殊的文類成了西藏本土宗教書寫的一大特色。雖然伏藏是寧瑪教法傳承的一種特殊表現，但以此形式生產著作的知識僧侶並不只限於寧瑪派的大師。薩迦、噶舉以及後起的格魯派中也都曾出現重要的伏藏文集。
本計畫將針對《大寶伏藏》Rin chen gter mdzod的內容作數位化的檢索處理。此文獻是由蔣貢康楚 ('Jam mgon kong sprul,1813-99) 在1855到1893年之間所收編。這是19世紀西藏社會的不分教派 (ris med) 運動之背景下產生的一套叢書；也是蔣貢康楚所主編的「五寶藏」之一。《大寶伏藏》的編輯結構涵蓋了法源歷史，蓮師傳記、讚頌，伏藏師略傳等，而主體結構是以大瑜伽(Mahayoga)、阿努瑜伽(Anuyoga)、阿底瑜伽(Atiyoga)作為分類標準。如同Gene Smith(2001)所指出的，蔣貢康楚以他所認為合理的結構次第，將雜亂的伏藏教法加以彙整編排。在內密三乘的結構體系下，伏藏師之名仍可被清楚辨識。大瑜珈這個類項又區分出密續類 (rgyud sde) 與實際修持類 (sgrub sde)。在網頁中我們也呈現了大瑜伽部類下的內容綱目。
Significance
The scope of this research literature is the Mahayoga literature of the Treasury of Precious Termas. The editors of the Treasury of Precious Termas included these original texts from the collected works of the different treasure revealers, or texts that were on the verge of loss, according to the Nyingma scheme of the nine vehicles, the three inner tantras of Mahayoga, Anuyoga and Atiyoga, re-edited and included in this masterpiece. However, we have limited knowledge of the logic of this structural arrangement, because the academic community has not systematically analyzed the content and classification of the entire Treasury of Precious Termas. The implementation of this project can also be said to be a deconstructive analysis of the editorial content of Treasury of Precious Termas. Due to the limitations of traditional philological research methods, it is difficult to comprehensively examine and effectively screen a large corpus of documents, and systematically uncover the phenomenon of word reduplication that this research focuses on, then interpret these words and sentences in different contexts, and the meaning expressed in each passage. Thanks to contemporary digital technology, high-speed computing enables fast and large-scale data comparison, reducing the time required for manual reading, and makes this kind of integrated digital humanities studies possible.
重要性
本研究文獻處理範圍是《大寶伏藏》的大瑜伽(Mahayoga)文獻。《大寶伏藏》的編輯者將這些原本分屬於不同伏藏師作品全集中的教法或瀕臨失傳的伏藏文本，按照寧瑪派九乘次第的內密三乘—大瑜伽(Mahayoga)、阿努瑜伽(Anuyoga)、阿底瑜伽(Atiyoga)的階次分類重新編輯，彙整而成這一鉅著。然而我們對於這樣的編排邏輯所知有限，因為學界尚未有對整部《大寶伏藏》的內容與分類法做過系統的分析研究。本專案的執行也可說是針對《大寶伏藏》的編輯內容進行解構分析。由於傳統文獻學研究方法之限制，很難做到對大量文獻範圍進行全面的瀏覽與有效的篩選，系統性的找出研究所關注的語詞重用現象，並加以判讀這些語詞、文句在不同文脈、段落中所要彰顯的意義。拜今日數位科技之賜，電腦高速運算能力得以快速、大量的比對資料，減少了人工閱讀所要投入的時間，也使得這樣整合數位人文的研究成為可能。
How To Use this Database
Please click "Browse" or "Table" link in the above menu to start using this database.
使用方式
請點選上方的「Browse」或「Table」以不同方式瀏覽文本內容，並開始使用本資料庫
About US
Project Director:
梅靜軒(Ching-Hsuan Mei) chmei99@dila.edu.tw
洪振洲(Jen-Jou Hung) jenjou.hung@dila.edu.tw
Funded by Ministry of Science and Technology
Project No.：106-2420-H-655-001-MY3, 106-2410-H-655-001-